International Congress on Stress

HOW IT ALL BEGAN

Paul J. Rosch, M.D
President, The American Institute of Stress
Clinical Professor of Medicine and Psychiatry, New York Medical College

Our International Congress on Stress was initiated in an attempt to assemble leading authorities from all over the world to present cutting edge research advances and state of the art reviews. This event also served to commemorate and pay homage to Hans Selye by bestowing the Hans Selye Award to a senior scientist who had made significant contributions to our understanding of stress. In many instances, researchers were attempting to reinvent the wheel because they were unaware of the groundbreaking efforts of these pioneers. The First International Congress on Stress in 1988 was a two day event held in 1988 in Montreux, Switzerland sponsored by The Biotonus Clinic in Montreux, Switzerland. I served as Consultant to Biotonus, was involved in their evaluation of a new stress reduction device that utilized weak electromagnetic stimuli to relieve anxiety and insomnia and Chaired an International Conference on Aging they had sponsored in 1976. Claude Rossel, M.D., Ph.D. Executive Vice-President of Biotonus, subsequently indicated his interest in sponsoring a similar International Congress on Stress under the direction of The American Institute of Stress. He was anxious to report on the results of the low energy emission stress reduction device we had been evaluating to a critical audience and wanted to learn if others were researching similar approaches or could suggest additional approaches that might improve or expand the services provided by Biotonus Clinic. Since I had been contemplating a conference that would assemble leading authorities in the rapidly expanding field of stress, I eagerly accepted this gracious invitation and attempted to satisfy our mutual goals.

Bioelectromagnetic Medicineedited

by Paul J. Rosch, M.D. and Marko S. Markov, Ph.D

Published in 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc., this 50-chapter volume provides an update on cutting edge presentations over the past decade at the International Congress on Stress and features research advances in Eastern Europe, Russia and the Orient that are not well known in the U.S. Also included are state-of the art reviews on rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) vagal nerve stimulation, cranioelectrical stimulation, electroporation millimeter wave therapy, pulsed and static magnetic field applications, theories of mechanisms of action and a new model of communication in the body based on electromagnetic signaling and the concept of an "electrical circulatory system".

The authors include international authorities from leading academic institutions who have emphasized evidence-based medicine supported by references in peer reviewed publications. Some of the disorders covered include far advanced metastatic malignancy, pancreatic cancer, terminal cardiormyopathy, headache and other pain relief, macular degeneration, obesity, insulin resistance, depression, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, tinnitus, degenerative disk disease, insomnia, anxiety, incontinence, soft tissue and bone healing, paralysis, dystonia and movement disorders, and Parkinson's disease. In many instances, these bioelectromagnetic approaches and devices have proven successful in patients resistant to traditional treatment and much safer and more cost effective than drugs.

For a complete Table of Contents and Preface provided by Dr. Rosch, see
http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/chris/2004/09/16/ bioelectromagnetic_medicine_the_book.htm

Presentations and speakers at our First International Congress on Stress included:

• Contrasting Relationships of Anxiety and Type A Behaviors to Different Cardiovascular Disorders - Ray Rosenman
• Stress, Catecholamines and Cardiovascular Diseases - Paul Hjemdahl
• Occupation and Changes in Job Strain in Relation to Physiologic Parameters -Töres Theorell
• The Effect of Stress and Emotions on Health - Charles Spielberger
• The Impact of Depression on Immune System Parameters and Survival in Bereaved Cancer Patients - Kurt Zänker
• The Prediction of Cancer in Coronary Heart Disease on the Basis of Personality and Stress - Hans J Eysenck
• Stress Research in a Third World Context - Nicola Malan
• Disorders of Arousal and the Relaxation Response Part I - Herbert Benson
• Disorders of Arousal and the Relaxation Response Part II - George Everly
• Utilizing The Relaxation Response in the Treatment of Hypertension - Eileen Stuart
• Psychosocial Stress and Executive Health - Paul J. Rosch
• Bottom Line Results with a Cognitive Restructuring Program - Clay Lafferty and Lorraine Colletti
• Self-Awareness and Health: The Importance of Attitude in Health and Disease - Daniel Goleman
• The Use of Electrical Energies in the Promotion of Healing and Treatment of Cancer - Björn Nordenström
• The Physiologic Effects of Low Energy Emission Therapy (LEET) - Boris Pasche
• The Effect of Electromagnetic Energy on Brain Neurotransmitters - Norman Shealy and Saul Liss

The Congress was held entirely within the confines of the Five Star Grand Excelsior Hotel, which is connected to Biotonus Clinic. The Excelsior, a majestic edifice that opened in 1908, is located on Lake Geneva, and every room has a commanding view of the Swiss, Italian and French Alps and Evian across the lake. The event was unique in that all the participants had breakfast and gourmet lunches and dinners together and met for after dinner conversation and entertainment in the main salon. The elegant but informal ambiance of the surroundings provided a unique opportunity to foster personal and professional relationships. These friendships have grown over the years as the vast majority of participants have returned for subsequent events.

The highlight of the Congress was the presentation of The Hans Selye Award to Stewart Wolf and his Hans Selye Award Lecture "The Scales of Libra, Social Factors That Influence Stress". This was a 25-year follow-up of his Roseto studies demonstrating the powerful cardioprotective benefits of close social support and his prediction that this would erode as the inhabitants gave up their age old traditions. As noted in one of our early Newsletters, when he began his investigations, this small Pennsylvania town had possibly the lowest cardiovascular death rate in the U.S. despite evidence of any decreased risk based on cholesterol and blood pressure levels or smoking, dietary and exercise habits. What was unique in Wolf's opinion was that the community was almost entirely inhabited by descendants of Italians who had immigrated there 100 years previously from a small village in Italy. The site had been carefully selected because of its similarity to their birthplace, and not only was its name, Roseto, retained, but also the ingrained values, customs and traditions of their forbears. The elderly were respected and cherished and felt needed — because they were. Most families had three or more generations living under the same roof. Although the oldest nursing home in the U.S. was nearby, it rarely housed anyone from Roseto. There was a strict taboo against ostentation and pomposity so that there were no external trappings such as fancier homes, cars, clothing, etc. that would signal or reflect greater wealth, power or higher social status. Any display of superiority was avoided since this would invoke the curse of the mal occhio (evil eye). There were few marriages outside the faith and the first-born child was routinely named after a grandparent. Rosetans were warm, generous and friendly, eager to celebrate a first communion, birthday, anniversary or any other excuse for family and friends to get together in an event that would actively involve those of all ages.

In 1963, Wolf made the rather bold prediction that should the Rosetans abandon their ancestral values and customs they would also lose their protection from cardiovascular disease. By 1970, it was clear that many of these century-old taboos and traditions had indeed begun to crumble. Cadillacs and expensive foreign luxury cars became increasingly common as did lavish ranch type suburban homes with swimming pools, three car garages and other enhancements. Mixed marriages soared from 18 to 79 per cent. The first two baby boys were no longer uniformly named after their grandfathers but rather for the father, godfather or nobody in particular. New names like Kelly, Allison, Bruce and Lance started to surface. Local shops and eating places disappeared as Rosetans joined country clubs and drove to supermarkets and deluxe restaurants and bistros. Attendance at Men's Clubs functions and the local church steadily declined. It had also become increasingly apparent that aging parents had lost their prime position as elder statesmen whose advice was sought and respected.

Wolf's prophecy proved amazingly accurate. Deaths from heart attacks increased while at the same time they were declining throughout the rest of the nation. Coronary heart disease more than doubled, hypertension tripled and there was a substantial increase in strokes despite a local decrease in smoking and fat consumption. As Wolf explained, this should not be surprising. Fifty years previously, C.P. Donosson, a physician with extensive experience in black Africa, had noted in his book Civilization and Disease, a complete absence of hypertension, diabetes and peptic ulcer in remote areas of the continent where the social structure remained fairly stable. However, these and other of Selye's stress-related "Diseases of Adaptation" rapidly emerged when the intrusion of Western ways and life styles caused a severe perturbation of traditional social order and balance.

Stewart's Hans Selye Lecture was followed by a lively discussion period with numerous pertinent questions and comments that included my own research into the role of stress in cancer. As I had noted a decade earlier in Cancer Stress and Death, Albert Schweitzer, the renowned medical missionary and Nobel Prize recipient wrote "on my arrival in Gabon in 1913, I was astonished to find no cases of cancer". Over the years, cases began to appear in growing numbers, and he concluded "my observations incline me to attribute this to the fact that the natives are living more and more after the manner of the whites". The celebrated anthropologist and Arctic explorer, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, in his book, which was actually entitled, Cancer: Disease of Civilization? noted the absence of cancer in the Eskimos upon his arrival in the Arctic, but a subsequent increase in the incidence of the disease as closer contact with white civilization was established. He quoted Sir Robert McCarrison, a physician who had studied 11,000 Hunza natives in Kashmir from 1904-1911. Cancer was unknown and McCarrison attributed this and their unusual longevity to the fact that they were "far removed from the refinement of civilization and endowed with a nervous system of notable stability". As Alvin Toffler had also emphasized in Future Shock, "By subjecting individuals to too much change in too short a time, we induce disorientation and shattering stress."

This presentation provided the springboard for themes that would be expanded on at subsequent Congresses, including the powerful stress buffering effect of a sense of belonging that comes from strong social support and the non role of cholesterol and dietary fat intake in coronary heart disease.

Many participants at this First International Congress on Stress also learned for the first time about:

• Herbert Benson's detailed experiments on Tibetan lamas that led to the development of The Relaxation Response.
• Charles Spielberger's research that resulted in his State and Trait Anxiety and Anger scales that are now used all over the world.
• Töres Theorell's and Robert Karasek's early studies on the demand/control model to measure job stress, which has now become the gold standard in the field and clearly demonstrates the relationship between increased job stress and cardiovascular disease.
• Evidence that the Type A behavior concept formulated by Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman is as powerful a "risk factor" for coronary heart disease as cholesterol, hypertension and cigarette smoking.
• How depression and bereavement might impair immune system components that are associated with resistance to cancer.
• The importance of attitude in health and disease and the concept of what Daniel Goleman now refers to as Emotional Intelligence.
• How cancer and coronary heart disease could be accurately predicted by evaluating personality and stress coping capabilities in large, long terms studies by Hans Eysenck and Rudolph Grossarth-Maticek.
• How Björn Nordenström, emeritus Chairman of the Department of Radiology at Karolinska Institute and former head of the committee that selects the Nobel Laureate for Medicine and Physiology, could use a weak DC electrical current to make pulmonary metastases from cancer of the ovary and uterus disappear, with 10 and 12 year follow-up.

This Congress was also unique in that it challenged the conventional key/keyhole chemical/molecular model/concept of how communication takes place in the body. Such time consuming random trial and error molecular collisions are inconsistent with the myriad diverse and instantaneous biological reactions that are seen in the "fight or flight" response to stress. Nor does the current model explain the powerful biological and psychophysiologic effects of feeble electromagnetic forces that do not involve heat exchange and therefore defy the laws of thermodynamics. However, all of these observations become comprehensible in an emerging paradigm of physical/atomic communication via electromagnetic signaling. Among other things, this subtle energy medicine perspective posits that molecules emit specific frequencies that can be tuned in to by certain sites with very little energy exchange, much as one can receive different AM, FM and short wave signals by turning the dial of a radio. This might explain the beneficial results of low energy emission therapy for insomnia provided by the Symtonic device reported on by Pasche and the effect of weak cranioelectrical stimulation on serotonin and other brain neuropeptide levels demonstrated by Shealy and Liss. It might also provide insights into such things as the relationship between malignancies and birth defects in individuals exposed to high power lines and microwaves as well as certain placebo effects and the link between a firm faith and strong social support to spontaneous remission of cancer and improved survival rates.

The response to this Congress was so enthusiastic that Dr. Rossel invited me to conduct this on an annual or biannual basis and the Congress quickly grew to a five day conference that expanded on the above themes and introduced others that have proven to be equally exciting. It would be difficult to enumerate these but the following brief sketch of Hans Selye Award recipients includes some of the highlights from the Congresses in which they were honored.

HANS SELYE AWARD RECIPIENTS

1988 - Stewart Wolf, M.D. received his M.D. from Johns Hopkins in 1938 following which he did his medical residency at Cornell-New York Hospital under Eugene Du Bois and Harold Wolff and later joined Dr. Wolff's distinguished team of stress researchers. While there, his interests in the role of stress in gastrointestinal disease and peptic ulcer were facilitated by the availability of Tom, a patient with a large gastric fistula. His investigations of Tom became a model for the study of human physiology with the voluntary cooperation of a patient and were detailed in Time magazine, which featured Dr. Wolf on its cover. During World War II he was initially assigned to work on head injury at the Harvard Neurological unit at Boston City Hospital under the renowned Derek Denny Brown. He was later transferred to the South Pacific, where he investigated the phenomenon of "voodoo death" Walter Cannon had written about and the role of culture and tradition in disease. During this period he served as internist, psychiatrist and consultant neurologist.

On his return to Cornell University Medical School, Stewart directed a clinical and research training program in psychosomatic medicine for six years and served as Associate Professor of Medicine. In 1952 he was appointed as the first full time Chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Oklahoma Medical Center and head of the neuroscience section of the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. In 1969 he organized and became director of Marine Biomedical Institute of the University of Texas Medical School where he also served as Professor of Medicine and Physiology and pursued his research on the diving reflex, the significance of heart rate variability and was largely responsible for founding the field of neurocardiology. After retiring from that post he returned to Pennsylvania, where he had established the Totts Gap Institute in 1958 as a summer laboratory and had become friendly and fascinated with residents of the nearby town of Roseto. He turned Totts Gap Institute into a full time medical research facility under his direction and was appointed Professor of Medicine at Temple University.

Stewart is the author or editor of 30 books and monographs, including the revised edition of Harold Wolff's classic Stress and Disease and has contributed to over 250 scientific papers. He served in an editorial capacity for 11 medical journals before assuming the editorship from 1990 to 2000 of Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Sciences. He has served in numerous capacities for the National Institutes of Health including Chairman of the Board of Regents of the National Library of Medicine and as a member of the National Advisory Heart Council. He has also been an official advisor to the U.S. Government for NASA, the FDA and the National Formulary. He is a past president of the American Psychosomatic Society and the Pavlovian Society and has been the recipient of awards from the American Heart Association, the American Gastrointestinal Association, the American Psychiatric Association and the Pavlovian Society. His other numerous honors include appointment as Regents Professor and a citation for Distinguished Service from the University of Oklahoma, an Honorary Degree from the University of Göteborg Sweden, the Laufberger medal and the Purkinje Award from the Czech Academy of Medicine.

1989 - Björn Folkow, M.D., Ph.D. Chaired the Department of Physiology at the University of Göteborg where he is Emeritus Professor of Physiology. There is probably no one who has contributed more to our understanding of the complex higher central nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, ACTH-glucocorticoid and antidiuretic hormone activities that affect blood pressure during stress; he has authored over 300 papers dealing with various aspects of this. In recent years he has also written extensively on the importance of integrative physiology in this age of molecular biology where specialists know more and more about less and less. The recipient of numerous awards and honors, he is a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences and his achievements have been acknowledged in the form of the Björn Folkow Award of the European Society for Hypertension, the Björn Folkow Distinguished Lectureship of the American Physiological Society, the Björn Folkow Achievement Award in Medical Sciences in Australia and the Björn Folkow Award of the Society for Cellular Integrative Physiology.

A small sampling of the presentations at the Second International Congress On Stress includes:

• Hypertension as a Disorder of Communication - James Lynch
• The Pathogenesis of Mitral Valve Prolapse in Anxiety Disorders and Stress - Ray Rosenman
• The Stress Connection to Cardiac Repolarization, Arrhythmia and Sudden Death - Stewart Wolf
• The Potential Role of Cardiac Hyperreactivity to Stress in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Sudden Death - Thomas Schmidt
• The Impact of Stress and Emotions on Health - Stan Maes
• Stress Management Training in the Workplace - What's the Bottom Line? - Theodore Barash
• Psychophysiologic Stress Assessment - Lyle Miller
• Stress Reduction Effects of Spa Therapy - Richard Gubner and François Forestier
• Biobehavioral Effects of Electromagnetic Energy - Ross Adey
• Treatment of Depression with Cranial Electrical Stimulation - Norman Shealy
• Hans Selye Lecture: Stress, the Sympathetic Nervous System and Hypertension - Björn Folkow

1991 - James P. Henry, M.D., Professor of Medicine at Loma Linda University and Drew Medical College attended Hans Selye's seminars at McGill University in 1941. He is perhaps best known for his delineation of different hormonal changes in the defense and defeat reactions to stress and their relationship to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, abnormal heart rhythms and accelerated atherosclerosis. The defense response appears to play an important role in these processes, with the defeat reaction being activated in chronic stress, especially if of a severe nature. In the worst case, both are operative: the defense-defeat response activating the sympatho-adrenomedullary and hypophyseal-adrenocortical pathways, respectively. Much of the impetus for these findings came from his observations on social relationships in experimental animals and his multi-generational mouse colonies and "mouse city." Jim was familiar with Montreux because of his close association with Carl Jung and interest in Jung's concept of the collective unconscious and the predisposition to symbolize situations by "archetypes" or primordial images. He had extended Jung's concepts with his own investigations that demonstrated a striking similarity between independently developed symbols and mandalas in different cultures across time. In his book Instinct, Archetypes and Symbols: An Approach to the Physiology of Religious Experience , he offered a neurophysiological explanation for many of these psychological and philosophical aspects of religion. As a physician in the U.S. Airforce, he was involved in the study of pilot performance at very high altitudes and subsequently investigated the cardiovascular responses of chimpanzees in sub orbital flights. This information was crucial before attempting to put a man in orbit and Jim was one of the first astronaut physicians. He was the co-developer of the first space suit and participated in the flights of John Glenn and Alan Sheppard. It was known that weightlessness induced a prompt and significant diuresis and since this was less in the supine position it was generally assumed that this was induced by increased right atrial pressure resulting from the relative absence of lower body stimuli. Jim and Otto Gauer proved, in an experimental model, that this was initiated by volume rather than pressure receptors in the right atrium. What is now called the Henry-Gauer reflex had crucial implications for protection from protracted exposure to weightlessness and the ability of astronauts to do space walks and extraterrestrial work. He was one of the first to point out the role of oxytocin in social behaviors, significantly advanced our understanding of REM sleep and delineated the brain DNA and protein changes that occur when experimental animals learn a motor habit. Those who accompanied him on rounds will attest to his warmth and compassion as a physician. Following his untimely death, a special supplement to Acta Physiologica Scandinavica was organized by Björn Folkow and published in 1997. As I wrote in the chapter I was asked to contribute, he was a true Renaissance figure and "Those who were privileged to know him will surely agree that we are not apt to see the likes of this gentle, gracious and humble 'Man For All Seasons' soon again."

A small sampling of the presentations at the Third International Congress On Stress includes:

• Technostress: The Psychological Effects of Computerization - Phil Nicholson
• Job Stress, Hypertension and Heart Attacks - Robert Karasek
• Stress, Sports and Golf: How to Utilize Immediate Biofeedback - Shoji Kakigi
• Computerizing Stress Reduction Therapy: Results with Therapeutic Learning in Over 4000 Patients - Roger Gould
• Interrupting Neural Pathways that Transduce Stressful Information into Physiological Responses - James Skinner
• Social Support and Stress Reduction Benefits of Human-Animal Relationships - Honori Katcher
• Assessing Social Support as a Factor in Modifying Vulnerability to Stress-Related Disorders with Further Comments on the Significance of Culture - Ed Appels
• Neuroendocrine Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Pregnancy - Ross Adey
• Neuroelectric Therapy for the Treatment of Drug, Alcohol and Nicotine Addiction - Meg Patterson
• Stress and Cancer: Cause or Cure? - Paul J. Rosch
• Hans Selye Lecture: The Biological Basis of the Stress Response - Jim Henry

1992 - Yujiro Ikemi, M.D. has had a lengthy and illustrious career devoted to integrating Occidental and Oriental approaches in psychosomatic medicine that began following his studies in the U.S. in the early fifties. Following his return to Japan he founded the Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine in 1960 and established the first Department of Psychosomatic Medicine in Japan at Kyushu University three years later. Among his honors he served as President of the International College of Psychosomatic Medicine and Honorary President of International Association For Biopsychosocial Health and inspired a generation of Japanese physicians and researchers to explore mind/body relationships from an Oriental perspective that utilized modern technologies such as positive emission tomography to investigate the effects of acupuncture and other traditional approaches. He was particularly interested in the relationship between stress, asthma and emphysema, from which he suffered and eventually succumbed to. One of his greatest contributions was a detailed study of proven cases of spontaneous remission in cancer demonstrating that a strong faith appeared to be the common denominator. In his later years he devoted his time and talent to integrating Oriental somatopsychic and self-regulation methodologies with Western medicine, including Qi Gong, yoga, Zen meditation and acupuncture. He has added an ecological and existential dimension to the biopsychosocial approach. To celebrate his achievements, his colleagues and students organized a session devoted to correlating Oriental and Western approaches to the treatment of stress and explaining the biopsychosocioecological medical model now practiced in Japan.

A sampling of the presentations at the Fourth International Congress On Stress includes:

• Psychosomatically Oriented New Methods of Qi-Gong - Toshihiko Yayama
• Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Stress Reduction as Evidenced by EEG Topography and Positive Emission Tomography - Kazu Mori
• Clinical Experiences with Psychoacupuncture - Amarenda Narayan Singh
• Acupuncture, Qi Gong, Electrotherapy and Soft Laser Therapy for Treatment of Stress-Related Disorders - Yoshiaki Omura
• Conditioned Alpha Wave Biofeedback for Treatment of Stress Disorders - Kazumasa Shiga
• The Relaxation Response and Its Relation to Psychophysiologic Studies in Tibetan Monks - Herbert Benson
• Eastern and Western Yogis: Human Potential and Practical Applications from Alcoholism to Psychoneuroimmunology - Patricia Norris and Stephen Fahrion
• Clinical and Epidemiological Data on Relationships of Hostility Dimensions to Coronary Heart Disease - Ray Rosenman
• Influence of Emotional Arousal and Sleep on the Pathogenesis of Life Threatening Arrhythmias - Peter Schwartz
• Life Change Events and Vincent Van Gogh's Art - Richard Rahe
• Neurocognitive Therapy: The Reformation and Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - George Everly
• A Review and Analysis of the Cost-Effective Outcome Studies of Comprehensive Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programs in the Workplace - Kenneth Pelletier
• Stress in the Workplace: Issues Of Assessment and Psychophysiologic Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment - Lyle and Alma Miller
• Visible and Nonvisible Electromagnetic Radiation Suppresses Nocturnal Pineal Melatonin Production: Physiological Implications - Russel J. Reiter
• About Subtle Energy and "Memory in Water": Recent Results Obtained with High Dilutions - Jacques Benveniste
• Hans Selye Lecture: Oriental and Eastern Self-Control Over Stress - Yujiro Ikemi

1993 - Lennart Levi, M.D., Ph.D. founded the Laboratory for Clinical Stress Research at Karolinska Institute and Hospital because of the impression upon him of Hans Selye's Stress, which was published in 1950. His intention was "to bring the laboratory to real-life and not just the other way round." A few years later, in collaboration with Von Euler and others, he carried out the first series of experiments in which emotionally charged movie sequences were shown to medical students while simultaneously measuring their psychoendocrine reactions. This was later extended to industrial and military situations and subsequently focused on studying ordinary workers in their daily activities. In the Foreword to Dr. Levi's 1966 book Stress: Sources, Management And Prevention, Hans Selye praised his approach and was instrumental in having it translated into English. Lennart also initiated and directed the Division of Psychosocial Factors and Health at Karolinska Institute and is now Professor Emeritus. He also stimulated others like Töres Theorell, who succeeded him, to perpetuate his research. Dr. Levi has served as Chairman of or Consultant to WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO, ILO and other Expert Panels dealing with the health and fiscal effects of occupational stress and is widely regarded as one of the leading authorities on occupational stress. He has vigorously pursued his interests since his retirement and is currently President of the International Stress Management Association. His students and colleagues organized a Symposium in 1991 to celebrate his 60th birthday, over 300 publications and four decades of distinguished contributions to stress research; several also paid homage to Lennart at this Fifth International Congress on Stress Congress.

A sampling of the presentations at the Fifth International Congress on Stress includes:

• Social Ties and Health - Kristina Orth-Gomer
• Neuroendocrinology of Life Stress - Bartolome de la Torré
• Stress, Employment and Abuse of the Workers' Compensation System: The California Experience - Gerald Trostler
• Disaster: Stress Effects on Primary Response Personnel with Respect to Prevention, Intervention (Gulf War, Hurricane Andrew) - Jeffrey Mitchell
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in U.S. Children - Miguel Mandoki
• The Biopsychosocial Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Douglas Drossman
• Patterns of Gastrointestinal Motility in Relation to Life Stress with Special Reference to the Small Intestine - David Wingate
• Aromatherapy: Effects of Fragrances on Mental Function - Hisanobu Sugano
• Are Stress Factors More Predictive of Blood Lipids Than Diet? - Lucio Sibilia
• The French Paradox: Application to the Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease - Serge Renaud
• Will a Herring a Day Keep Stress Away? - Melvin Goldberg
• Cardioprotective Effects of Peanut and Monounsaturated Oils - Synnove Knutsen
• Diet, Cholesterol and Heart Disease: Epidemiological Illusion or Delusion? - Paul J. Rosch
• The Neurophysiology of Religious Experience - Jim Henry
• A New Stress Induced Testosterone Resistance Syndrome ? Diagnosis and Treatment Results in 400 Menopausal Males - Malcolm Carruthers
• Free Radicals and Premature Aging, Down's Syndrome, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Implications for Arteriosclerosis - Russel Reiter
• Electromagnetic Fields and Their Modulation of Gene Expression: Implications for Cell Communication and Cancer - Ross Adey
• What Are Free Radicals and Why Are They Important? The Role of Iron, Melatonin and the Nitric Oxide System - Jerry Phillips
• New Medical Devices to Measure Stress - Eugenie Yumatov
• Manual (Tactile) Hypnosis: Stress Reduction Effects Without Verbalization - Vladimir Raikov
• Hans Selye Lecture: Work, Stress and Health - Lennart Levi

1994 - Joel Elkes, M.D., who preceded me as the first President of The American Institute Of Stress, is widely regarded as the founder of the field of psychopharmacology. Following his early studies in physical chemistry he founded the Department of Experimental Psychiatry in the University of Birmingham (UK) in 1951, the first of its kind in the world. He continued his research in neuropharmacology and neurochemistry on the influence of drugs on electrochemical events in the brain and was the first Director of the Clinical Neuropharmacology Research Center at NIH. He served as Professor and Director of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and as psychiatrist-in-chief from 1963 to 1975 at Johns Hopkins where he is currently Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus. Joel subsequently accepted a post as Professor in Residence at McMaster University in Ontario where he created widely acclaimed programs dealing with "Brain and Behavior" and community-oriented, people-centered, interdisciplinary and problem-based approaches to patient care. He "retired" again to the University of Louisville where he helped found their equally innovative Genesis Center. In honor of his contributions, the Neuroscience Laboratories in the Department of Psychiatry at Hopkins are named after him as are several Awards throughout the world. Among his numerous honors are Charter Fellow of Britain's Royal College of Psychiatry, Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, founding President and Life Fellow of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, founding member of the Council of the International Brain Research Organization and a Founding Fellow of the Fetzer Institute, where he is currently Senior Scholar-in-Residence.

Presentations at the Sixth International Congress On Stress included:

• Effort, Reward and Cardiovascular Health - A Socio-Psycho-Somatic Model: Its Empirical Evidence and Practical Implications - Johannes Siegrist
• Stress and Skin Diseases - Emilio Panconcesi
• Stress and Hair Loss: Myths and Truths - Vera H. Price
• The Philosophy of "Qi" and Its Relationship to Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress and a New System of Acupuncture Therapy - Kazu Mori
• Identification of the Cortical Site for Stress Induced Cardiovascular Dysfunction - David Cechetto
• Secondary Traumatic Stress: A Model of the Isomorphic Reactions Between Trauma Victims and Their Caregivers - Charles R. Figley
• The Stress Free "Hospital" of the Future - Dennis Stillings
• The Stress Profile: A Psychosocial Approach to Measuring Job Stress - Sven Setterlind
• Stress Management Training Through Progressive Muscular Relaxation and One Thousand and One Ways To Relax: Prescriptions from the American Scene - Joseph McGuigan
• An Integrated Approach to Stress and Stress Management - Paul Muscolino
• The Alexander Technique: Stress Reduction and Optimal Psychophysical Functioning - Samuel Reiser
• The International Labor Organization Action on Stress Prevention: A Series of Manuals For Occupational Categories at Risk - Vittorio Di Martino
• The Psychology of Stress and Nutrition - Sarah Culton
• Oxidative Stress Management and Disease Prevention - Karlheinz Schmidt
• Balancing Subtle Energy Fields and the Healing Powers of Music - Steven Halpern
• The Hans Selye Lecture: On Psychobiology and Communication: Psychiatry and the Future of Medicine - Joel Elkes

1995 - Ray H. Rosenman, M.D., Vice-President of The American Institute of Stress, is best known as the co-creator with Meyer Friedman of the concept of Type A behavior over four decades ago. Since then, his research demonstrating its role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease has been responsible for the refinement of this hypothesis and the distinction between Global Type A behavior and what is now termed Type A Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern. Ray established the first cardiac catheterization laboratory at Mt. Zion Hospital in 1951, where he was Associate Chief of Medicine and served for many years as Director of Cardiovascular Research at The Stanford Research Institute. Prior to his involvement in Type A Behavior research, he spent a decade studying cholesterol metabolism in experimental animals and received the coveted Van Meter Prize in 1952 for elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the marked variation in lipid levels associated with increased and decreased thyroid function. His discovery of the cause of nephritic hypercholesterolemia was acknowledged by his election to the American Society of Clinical Investigation and, with Jonas Salk, was one of the youngest investigators ever to receive this honor. Type A Behavior and Your Heart, co-authored with Meyer Friedman, was a best-seller and received the American Medical Writer's Association Award in 1974 for best book on a medical subject for lay readership.

Ray has authored or co-authored over 300 papers, 80 books and/or book chapters and is in great demand as a speaker. He has delivered more than 700 lecture and scientific presentations on such subjects as: the effects of contrasting emotions on cardiovascular disease, the non role of diet and cholesterol levels on coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis, the prognostic significance of blood pressure hyperreactivity to stress, the meaning and measurement of hostility, the predictive significance of coronary risk factors, the pathogenesis of mitral valve prolapse and its relationship to anxiety disorders, mechanisms of sudden death and the contribution of personality, stress and overt behavioral patterns to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The Seventh International Congress included sessions devoted to: The Evolution of Type A Coronary Prone Behavior; Clinical Implications of Psychoneuroimmunoloy; Stress and Neurotransmitters; Stress and Depression; Stress and Subtle Energies; Stress in Physicians and Health Care Givers; Stress, Sex and the Skin. The first report on The International Labor Organization Project On Stress was also featured at this Congress.

A small sampling of presentations at the Seventh International Congress on Stress includes:

• A Viewpoint on the Genesis of Global and Coronary Prone Type A Behavior Pattern - Donald Byrne
• Global and Coronary Prone TABP: A Developmental Psychosocial Model - Lucio Sibilia
• The Cues and Clues of Stress: Some Helpful Hints From The Skin - Emiliano Panconesi
• Clinical Implications of Emerging Concepts of Cell Communication: An Overview - Ross Adey
• Physical Fields: States of Consciousness and Energy Medicine - Patricia Norris
• Neurofeedback Training: Clinical Applications and Conceptual Implications - Steven Fahrion
• Restoration Of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A Unique Monitor of Stress - Norman Shealy
• Brain Mechanisms that Modulate Emotional Stress - Konstantin Sudakov
• Clinical Applications of Psychoneuroimmunology: An Overview - Nicholas Cohen, Robert Ader
• Clinical Implications of Psychoneuroimmunologic Modification of Antibody Responses - Cobi J. Heijnen
• Stress and Neurotransmitters: The Integrative Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor - Michael Owens
• Life Changes Scaling Revisited - Richard Rahe
• Innovative Approaches to Stress Prevention: The Design of Guidance For International Action -Vittorio Di Martino
• Helping The Helpers - The Society For Professional Well Being Experience - John-Henry Pfifferling, and Ahnna Lake
• The Hans Selye Lecture: The Evolution of Type A and Coronary Prone Behavior - Ray Rosenman

1996 - Elmer E. Green, Ph.D. obtained his degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1942 and was subsequently a graduate student in the Department of Physics, UCLA. His interests in optics, electronics and computers were subsequently pursued at the Naval Weapons Center in China Lake, California, where he served as Supervisory Physicist. Following post graduate research at the University of Chicago he was awarded a doctorate degree in Biopsychology and subsequently founded or co-founded the following:

• 1964—The Psychophysiology Laboratory Research Program at the Menninger Clinic.
• 1967—The Menninger Voluntary Controls Program, to emphasize the clinical applications of biofeedback and psychophysiologic self-regulation.
• 1969—The Council Grove Conference for the study of "Voluntary Control of States of Consciousness: Body, Mind, Spirit".
• 1969—The Biofeedback Research Society. This subsequently became the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB).
• 1990—The International Society of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine (ISSSEEM).

Elmer has served as President or Director for these groups, continues to play an active role on the Board of Directors of ISSSEEM, and is Associate Editor of its journal, Subtle Energies. In most of these efforts, he was joined by his late wife and colleague, Alyce Green. He and Alyce lectured and conducted numerous workshops around the world on the use of biofeedback training for psychophysiologic self regulation, wrote several important papers, and co-authored the authoritative book, Beyond Biofeedback. Elmer's early psychophysiologic studies of Indian yogis were depicted in the 1974 videotape, "Biofeedback: The Yoga of the West". His recent research has focused on psychophysical phenomena and anomalous electric-field effects he has been able to identify in and around the bodies of well known "healers". Using sophisticated, state-of-the-art instrumentation, he has documented inexplicable body energy changes of up to 80 volts! Although this cannot be explained in terms of our current appreciation of biophysics, the incontrovertible was vividly demonstrated with Mietek Wirkus in the spectacular 1992 videotape, "Bioenergy: A Healing Art" that was included in a "mini Festschrift" session and workshop on spiritual healing and parapsychic phenomena devoted to Elmer's achievements. As I noted in my introductory remarks, "The power of prayer, and the awesome potential for self healing that resides in each of us, has been recognized since antiquity. Elmer Green has cracked open a door that may shed some light on how to activate this innate but latent potential for self-fulfillment and self-control. In the final analysis, that’s what stress is all about." Other sessions were devoted to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress Reduction Effects of Music, Neuropeptides and Stress, and Stress and Automobile Accidents.

Representative presentations from the Eighth International Congress on Stress include:

• Scientific Evidence For Energy Medicine: A Comprehensive Overview - Daniel J. Benor
• Fruits of Intuition: Ring of Fire, a "New" Subtle Energy Circuit For Restoration of DHEA - R. Paul Thomlinson
• Function of Adrenal Neuropeptides in Stress and Adaptation - Peter Oehme
• Stress, Fatigue and Circadian Rhythms - Daniel. Leger
• Stress and Risk Taking - Charles. Mercier-Guyon
• Shaking Up Immunity: Psychologic and Immunologic Sequelae of a Major Earthquake - George F. Solomon
• Changes in Immune Measures From Two Months to Two Years: Post Hurricane Andrew - Gail Ironson
• Stress Associated Immune Modulation: Implications For Health - Ronald Glaser
• Stress, Personal Relationships, and Immune Function - Janice Kiecolt-Glaser
• Psychological Factors Correlate With Survival After Bone Marrow Transplantation - Lawrence Hoffman
• A Questionnaire for Rating "Type C" (Cancer Prone) Personality - Richard H. Rahe
• Medical Resonance Music Therapy - Peter Hübner
• Cymatics - The Changing Face of Medicine in the New Age - Peter Guy Manners
• The Effects of Musical Frequencies on Healthy and Cancer Cells - Fabien Maman
• The Effects of Music on Mood, Emotion, Autonomic Function and Immunity - Deborah Rozman
• The Scientific Status of Aromatherapy: Stress Reduction Using Fragrances - J.R. King
• The Hans Selye Lecture: The Detection and Measurement Of Subtle Energies: Physical Fields and States of Consciousness - Elmer Green

1997 - Richard H. Rahe, M.D. received his medical degree and training at the University of Washington Medical School, where he won honors for his 1961 thesis "Psychological and Psychophysiologic Aspects of Abdominal Hernia." He studied under Tom Holmes, one of the Founding Trustees of The American Institute of Stress, who had been investigating the relationship between stressful life situations and nasal reactions with Harold Wolff at Cornell-New York Hospital. Like Stewart Wolf and other members of the "Wolf(f) Pack", Tom had gone to another teaching center to serve in a similar stimulating fashion. He found an apt pupil and colleague in Dick Rahe and the fruits of their labors appeared in their 1967 landmark article "The Social Readjustment Rating Scale". The "Holmes-Rahe Scale" quickly became the gold standard for stress assessment and Dick has provided updates on his periodic revisions of this at prior Congresses.

Few are aware of the wide range of his other activities and contributions, including meticulous observations during his lengthy career in the Navy on the relationship between stress and cholesterol and the effects of swimming and strenuous exercise on stress-related parameters, long before these became popular topics. He has been the recipient of both the Navy Commendation and Meritorious Service Award Medals and his achievements were acknowledged by the American Psychosomatic Society in 1988 by electing him President. At our 1992 Congress we were treated to his psychosocial perspective of Vincent Van Gogh in a superb presentation detailing the correlation between his paintings and the life change events and emotional stress reflected in the hundreds of letters written to his brother Theo. Dick is Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Nevada Medical School and Director of the Nevada Stress Center in Reno. The Ninth International Congress On Stress featured a session paying tribute to him by students and colleagues.

Some of the presentations at the Ninth International Congress on Stress included:

• Life Stress and CHD in Sweden - Töres Theorell
• Ten Years of Stress Research at Nevada: Integrating Stress Assessment and Intervention - Tracy Veach
• The Role of Psychiatry in Medicine - George Solomon
• Critical Incident Stress Management: A Proposed International Standard of Care in Crisis Intervention - George Everly
• Studies on the Mechanism of Electromagnetic Field Interactions With Cells: The Cellular Stress Response in Electromagnetic Fields - Martin Blank
• Clinical Application of Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields - Marko Markov
• Effects of Magnetic Stimulation on Blood Biochemicals - Saul Liss
• Occupational Stress in Europe: Problems and Approaches - Lennart Levi
• The Handicraft of Our Great Classical Composers in Musicmedicine - Peter Hübner
• Research With Music Designed For Stress Reduction: The Treatment of Autonomic and Hormonal Imbalances - Deborah Rozman
• The Extraordinary Results Obtained With My Metabolic Thermodynamic Treatment in Hopeless Patients Suffering Cancer and in Patients Saved of Heart Transplant - Demetrio Sodi Pallares
• The Adaptogens: Natural Stress Protector Nutritional Supplements - Ben Tabachnik
• Clinical Applications of The Biocircuit - Eric Leskowitz
• Hemispheric Synchronization with Hemi-Sync® - Toward Harmony From Chaos - Carol Sabick
• The Magic and Mystery of Magnets - Paul J. Rosch
• The Evaluation of Psychoneuroimmunological Aspects of Survival in Breast Cancer Patients: Ten Year Follow-Up - Kurt S. Zänker
• The Hans Selye Lecture: The Development of the Stress and Coping Inventory Scale and Implications For Evaluating Immune System Competency - Richard H. Rahe

1999 - W. Ross Adey, M.D. has Chaired or participated in sessions dealing with the psychophysiologic effects of weak magnetic fields and communications between cells at almost every Congress since their inception. A skilled physician, whose bibliography begins with a 1949 case report of a patient with thyrotoxic myopathy, he apparently found laboratory research to be more rewarding. With the exception of his contributions to our understanding of space medicine and physiology, the remainder of the more than 400 papers, chapters and books he has authored are devoted to such basic science interests as electromagnetic field interactions with biological systems, cell membrane organization and intercellular communication, organization of cerebral systems and cellular mechanisms, bioengineering computer applications in medical imaging, physiologic data analysis, and modeling of brain mechanisms and systems. His superb achievements in these areas have been acknowledged by his peers with numerous honors here and abroad, including Fellowship in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as well as the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the D'Arsonval Award from the Biolelectromagnetics Society, the Sechenov medal of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and his appointment as Distinguished Visiting Professor of the Royal Society of Medicine in the U.K. Ross had an extremely productive career with the Veterans Administration and presently serves as Distinguished Service Professor at Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Professor of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside. His other wide range of interests and hobbies are ham radio, photography, radio astronomy, skiing, backpacking, opera, marathon running (which he continues to participate although well into his seventies), and a deep devotion to his native Australia and love of its natural beauty. Ross Adey is perhaps best known for the "Adey Window" which has significantly increased our understanding of how the biological effects of feeble electromagnetic fields are mediated. Many of the presentations at the Tenth International Congress on Stress dealt with this topic.

Some of the presentations at the Tenth International Congress on Stress included:

• Crisis Intervention For the Prevention of Traumatic Stress: A State of the Art Review of Outcome Studies - George Everly
• Reducing the Psychological Consequences of Violence: The Assaulted Staff Action Program - Raymond P. Flannery
• The History of Electricity in Medicine and Its Theological Roots - Dennis Stillings
• An Overview of Microwave Resonance Therapy: EEG Correlates of Microwave Resonance Induced Relaxation, Meditation, and Altered Consciousness States - Dejan Rakovic
• Biological and Electromagnetic Resonance: Six Years of Research - Gabor Lednyiczky
• Present and Future Clinical Applications of Ion Cyclotron Resonance - A.R. Liboff
• The Bakken Library : A Visual History of Electricity in Medicine - David Rhees
• Cranioelectrical Stimulation: An Overview of Its Application For the Treatment of Pain, Anxiety, Insomnia, Depression, and Other Stress Related Disorders - Daniel Kirsch
• Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) For Drug Resistant Depression - Thomas Schlaepfer
• Magnetotherapy-Metabolic Thermodynamic Treatment of Advanced Metastatic Malignancy and Cardiomyopathy: The Role of ATP - Demetrio Sodi Pallares
• Evidence For an Electrical Circulatory System and Electrochemical Therapy For Cancer and Biologically Closed Electrical Circuits (BCEC) and Qi - Björn Nordenström
• An Implantable Device To Treat Parkinson's Disease By Deep Brain Stimulation - Bridget Murphy
• What Are Subtle Energies? - William A. Tiller
• The Electricity of Touch: The Effect of Your Heart's Electromagnetic Field on Others, EEG Findings and Implications and The Freeze-Framer: A Stress Management Training and Heart Rhythm Feedback System For Increasing Physiological Coherence - Rollin McCraty
• The Preventive Management of Workplace Violence - Jonathan and James Campbell Quick
• Pulsed Stimulation For the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis and Migraine - Martha Lappin
• Electromagnetic Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Cells - Martin Blank
• Stress and Violence - Vittorino Andreoli
• Psychosocial and Psychological Factors Involved in the Development of Psychosomatic Diseases - Tatjana Sivik
• The Hans Selye Lecture: Whispering Among Cells - Ross Adey

A Satellite Holistic Medicine Congress organized by the Biotonus Clinic was also held the day following the official conclusion of the Congress that was open to Registrants. Since all of the above Congresses were conducted within the confines of The Grand Excelsior Hotel, these events were usually referred to as The International Montreux Congress on Stress. While the ambiance was unique, attendance was limited since only 180 to 200 could be accommodated in the main conference room and there was insufficient space for exhibits and posters. Local officials were anxious to move it to the large Conference Center in Montreux, the site of the annual Montreux Jazz festival; due to Dr. Rossel's untimely death later that year and the sale of Biotonus, we considered other Eleventh Congress venue options in Europe and the U.S. Due to the generosity of Earl Bakken, founder of Medtronics, and others, our Eleventh International Congress on Stress was conducted at the stressless Mauna Lani Bay resort in Hawaii.

2000 - Herbert Benson, M.D., a Founding Trustee of The American Institute of Stress, is Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief of the Division of Behavioral Medicine at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; and the founding President of the Mind/Body Medical Institute. A graduate of Wesleyan University and the Harvard Medical School, he is the author or co-author of more than 150 scientific publications and six books, including: The Relaxation Response, The Mind/Body Effect, Beyond the Relaxation Response and Timeless Healing: The Power and Biology of Belief. More than four million copies of Dr. Benson's books have been printed. Herb is a pioneer in behavioral medicine and mind/body studies as well as in spirituality and healing. Through his work, he defined the relaxation response and continues to lead research into its efficacy in counteracting the harmful effects of stress. The recipient of numerous national and international awards, he is widely sought after as lecturer and appears in scores of newspapers, magazines, and television programs each year. Dr. Benson's research extends from the laboratory to the clinic and to Asian field expeditions. His research results have served to build a bridge between medicine and religion, East and West, mind and body, as well as between belief and science. These interests are reflected in the Eleventh Congress, which also featured several presentations and a workshop on Modern Oriental Medicine held in memory of Yujiro Ikemi by his students and colleagues.

Some of the lectures as well as abstracts of others that were submitted but could not be presented at the Eleventh International Congress on Stress are listed below:

• In Memory of Yujiro Ikemi: Integrating Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine: A New System of Measuring Qi - Toshihiko Yayama
• The Bible as a Resource for Stress Management - Skip MacCarty
• Effects of Spiritual Healing From Humans and Plants to DNA - Daniel Benor
• Healing Dialogue and Spirituality to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Disease - James Lynch
• Making the Most of Patient Spirituality - Christina Puchalski
• Science and Spirituality; Oxymoron or Opportunity? and Redefining Placebo as Meaning - Wayne Jonas
• The Effect of Remote Healing on the Electroencephalogram - C. Norman Shealy
• What is The "Energy" in Energy Medicine? - Dennis Stillings
• Psychoneuroimmunology: From Biochemistry to Energy Medicine - Leonard Wisneski
• In Memory of Yujiro Ikemi: Integrating Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine: A New System of Measuring Qi - Toshihiko Yayama
• The Placebo as a Conditioned Response: (The Macadamia Chocolate Decaf Effect) and Post Traumatic Stress Among Children in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies - Karen Olness
• Are Placebo Effects Conditioned Responses? - Robert Ader
• The Global Epidemic of Job Stress - Lennart Levi
• Preventive Stress Management at Work: The U.S. Air Force Experience - James Campbell Quick
• A Novel and Cost Effective Approach to Job Stress - Richard Rahe
• Medical Resonance Therapy Music™ Stress Reduction - Peter Hübner
• Dynamic Energy Systems and Energy Medicine Research: New Stress Frontiers - Gary Schwartz
• Non-Cognitive Biofeedback with Bodyscan 2010™ - Lee Woolley
• Digital Biology and Resonance Medicine and Water-Borne Electromagnetic Signals" The Heart of Homeopathy and "Spark Of Life" - Jacques Benveniste
• Clinical Trial Results of Pulsed Signal Therapy™ in Over 100,000 Patients with Osteoarthritis: Efficacy in TMJ Syndrome and Tinnitus and Supportive In Vitro Cartilage and Chondrocyte Stimulation Studies - Richard Markoll
• Altered Connective Tissue Kirlian Photography Energy Patterns Following Pulsed Signal Therapy™ - Knut Pfeiffer
• Hans Selye Lecture: Stress and the Relaxation Response: What do we Know at the Turn of the Millennium? - Herbert Benson

The dates and venue for the next Congress have not been finalized. If you would like to be included on our mailing list for the next Congress, please e-mail your name, postal or e-mail address to: stress125@optonline.net